Bloomberg, Johannesburg
European governments have been alarmed by a Russian disinformation campaign that seeks to deflect criticism that President Vladimir Putin's war with Ukraine risks leaving millions of people in Africa facing famine.
Russian diplomats have gone on a media offensive in recent months to push the narrative that sanctions, rather than Russian blockades, are causing shortages of grains and fertiliser in Africa.
The public-relations onslaught shows how the months-long war in Ukraine is becoming a global propaganda battle as food, fuel and crop-nutrient prices surge.
EU and British officials who have recently met their African counterparts at meetings in New York and Rwanda expressed concern that the Russian message is gaining traction, said senior European diplomats who asked not to be identified.
In response, European governments are increasing their engagement with leaders on the continent and boosting their own information campaigns to counter the Russian narrative, the diplomats said. A senior European intelligence officer said the Kremlin had manufactured the debate as a means to get sanctions lifted and was intent on using the threat of global hunger as a bargaining tool in any future peace talks. Moscow has focused much of its influence operations on Africa and the Middle East, the official said.
The US and EU have not sanctioned any Russian agricultural products and say there is no link between penalties on Moscow and grain or fertiliser exports from Russia or Ukraine.
That has not stopped Russian embassy officials across Africa from placing the blame for the crisis on the West.
Recent examples include Russia's ambassador to Djibouti posting a graphic on Twitter accusing the EU of lying about gas and food shortages, while a Russian diplomat in South Africa wrote an editorial in the Mail & Guardian newspaper entitled "The Russian embassy rejects accusation of 'provoking global famine' spread by Western propaganda". Social media campaigns have amplified their messages, with Facebook pages parroting Kremlin talking points in French, targeting West African nations including Mali and Ivory Coast, according to Mr Moustafa Ayad, executive director for Africa, the Middle East and Asia at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a London-based think tank that analyzes online disinformation.
Online conspiracy communities in South Africa have also been targeted, he said.
The head of the United Nations World Food Programme, Mr David Beasley, said Russia's blockade of Ukrainian ports was a "declaration of war" on global food security, with 49 million people in 43 countries facing famine.
"Since the Ukraine war began, the price of food and fuel has risen dramatically in countries around the world," he said on June 24. "Now, millions may starve." Global food prices surged to a record after Russia's Feb 24 invasion disrupted exports of grain and vegetable oil through Ukraine's Black Sea ports, adding to cost pressures from logistics snarl-ups and a rebound in consumer demand after the coronavirus pandemic.
That has exacerbated a hunger crisis affecting countries including Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia.
While Ukraine and its US and European allies blame Russia for blocking exports and Moscow points the finger at Kyiv, UN-sponsored talks have so far failed to yield a compromise to resume deliveries.
Before the war, Russia and Ukraine accounted for three-quarters of global sunflower-oil exports, about 30 per cent of wheat and 15 per cent of corn, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
Shortages of grains have driven up prices, with global benchmarks for wheat and corn rising 22 per cent and 12 per cent respectively this year.
"The crisis is caused by Russia. Without that invasion we wouldn't be in the situation we are in," said Mr Wandile Sihlobo, chief economist at the Agricultural Business Chamber of South Africa. "The price shock is inescapable and that is directly related to the war."
Food costs account for 40 per cent of consumer spending in sub-Saharan Africa, compared with 17 per cent in advanced economies.
In 2020, Africa imported US$4 billion (S$5.6 billion) of agricultural products from Russia, with 90 per cent of that being wheat, while US$2.9 billion of wheat, corn, sunflower oil, barley and soy came from Ukraine, according to Sihlobo. FAO data shows that Eritrea and Somalia were almost entirely dependent on Russia and Ukraine for their wheat supplies last year, while Tanzania, Namibia and Madagascar relied on them for more than 60 per cent of supplies. Russian and Ukrainian harvests and exports have surged in the past decade and farmers in the region typically produce at lower costs than more traditional suppliers like Canada and the US, which has helped to keep wheat prices lower. Their proximity to North Africa also reduces shipping costs versus suppliers further afield.
Part of Russia's propaganda effort has been to amplify statements by African officials that can be seen as supportive of Russia's argument.
After African Union President Macky Sall met Putin for talks June 3 in the resort town of Sochi, Mr Sall said sanctions had exacerbated the food crisis.
"Anti-Russia sanctions have made this situation worse and now we do not have access to grain from Russia, primarily to wheat," Mr Sall said . "And, most importantly, we do not have access to fertiliser. The situation was bad and now it has become worse, creating a threat to food security in Africa."
Russia can draw on its historical role of having supported liberation movements in parts of Africa during the wars and struggles against colonial and Whites-only rule - backing that helped the former Soviet Union undermine the United States and Europe as part of its Cold War strategy to gain influence in Africa.
By contrast Britain and France, as former colonial powers, still attract suspicion.
"What we have seen are narratives focused very precisely on how the US is orchestrating this conflict along with Nato in order to starve the globe," Mr Ayad said. "Colonialism has to be taken into account with African disinformation. That's what the Kremlin is counting on: calling out Western states rather than the Kremlin as an imperial force."
The danger is "very big" that Mr Putin will attempt to establish a narrative that the West is responsible for the famine threatening Africa, German foreign ministry spokeswoman Andrea Strasse said June 3. "This is a narrative that we want to strongly resist," she said.
French President Emmanuel Macron said last week at the Group of Seven leaders summit in the Bavarian Alps that he will announce measures in September to intensify the "fight against disinformation". At a press conference, he referred to Russia's efforts to link the food crisis to sanctions as "fake news".The Russian propaganda campaign is also getting under the skin of the Americans.
"The Russian government's attempts to deflect responsibility for its actions by blaming others for the worsening crisis in the global food system are reprehensible," the US State Department said in a June 22 statement entitled 'Lying to the World About Global Food Security'.
"The Russian government should stop weaponising food and allow Ukraine to safely ship out its grain so that millions of hungry people in the Middle East and Africa can be fed."
